Essay on The Debate on Evolution as a Natural Process

Evolution is said to have many definitions. There has been much debate over what the term actually means. To most, evolution is defined as a complex process of development over time. Evolution is a natural process. The topic of evolution is not at all simple or just black and white. It is a subject, which people have spent their whole lives studying. Not only is there biological evolution, there is cosmic evolution and natural evolution. We witness evolution every single day. It is the one thing that has connected us all since the very beginning of time. It is how we relate to our world’s history. Evolution, of course, is not something that simply applies to life here on earth; it applies to the whole universe. There are four basic†¦show more content†¦Those birds could mate and create a whole new species of birds. That is gene flow. In the 1980’s, niche construction was introduced to biologists. Niche construction is the process where organisms change their ow n or others niches. They do this because of their everyday activities, their metabolism, and their environment. Again, this change can be good or harmful. It is a very important part of evolution. Niche construction is key if our world wants to learn about an ecosystem. With these findings, we will know what will survive and what will not. Our textbook asks, â€Å"Do you think that faith and science are compatible when assessing the scientific record regarding evolution?† This, just like the whole concept of evolution, is not simply black or white. In ways, faith and science have many similarities but there are also many differences. I think they are compatible because at the end of the day, the two have the same results. Somehow we all exist, we are the result. I do believe that those that think it is one or the other are wrong. There is so much debate and conflict about this relationship. Yet evolution and faith go hand in hand. The textbook touched on it and I think there was a very good point made. â€Å"God creates through the evolutionary processes.† This is a terrific way to few this issue. Yes, evolution can be proved. Every single day, scientists work to prove this phenomenon. However, where would our society beShow MoreRelatedIntelligent Design Essays1315 Words   |  6 Pagesreferred to as ID is a concept that has its early origins from 4th century BC in the works Timaeus by Plato were he describes a supreme wisdom and intelligence as the creator of the cosmos. In the Metaphysics Aristotle furthers developed the idea of a natural creator of the cosmos. One of the most famous ideas for intelligent design today comes the 13th century where Thomas Aguinas described the concept of design as the fifth of five proofs for the existence of God in his work Summa Theologia. The termRead MoreThe Debate Between Evolution and Creationism1648 Words   |  7 PagesIf the question was posed as to what is the debate between creationism vs. evoluti on consist of, the thought that it is ‘â€Å"God did it† vs. â€Å"Natural processes did it,†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Scott, 2004) may arise. Science cannot absolutely prove or disprove Creation or Evolution. Yet scientist and the remainder of society use creationism and evolution to prove our existence. Creationist believe in the Christian account of the origin as recorded in Genesis. Creationism is the belief that statements such as â€Å"In the beginningRead MoreEssay on Creation vs. Evolution1348 Words   |  6 PagesCreation vs. Evolution Ever since the publication of Charles Darwins The Origin of Species was published there has been an ongoing debate between science and religion. Scientists have formulated many theories as to the origins of man and to the creation of the earth, whereas religious groups have one main creation theory, based on the Genesis story of The Bible. These theories, however, are not the cause of the debate because the different theories are simply myths meantRead MoreThe Debate Over Evolutionary Theories And Creationism1215 Words   |  5 PagesThe debate over Evolutionary theories and Creationism beliefs has been a major debate throughout our churches, education system, and even our homes. There have been countless scientists, theologians, journalists and Christians that have studied both sides of the spectrum, that argue how the world we live in was created. Many empty statements, with little to no facts, just assertions about this particular question have been stated in many debates all over the world. So on one side we have CreationismRead MoreConflicts Between Science and Religion1662 Words   |  7 PagesIn science, evolution is one of the basic templates for understanding the biology of an organism or ecological unit. Essentially, it is the change in inherited traits of a population through a process called natural selection in which only the strongest traits are appropriately adapted to the environment in question. Those traits from parents who are healthier and live longer are then passed down to future generations where the traits are amplified if the organism thrives. Evolution, then, is theRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution859 Words   |  4 Pagesunable to fill. These holes are obvious in Dwain’s theory of evolution. Craig Belanger works for EBSCO Publishing he stated in his Biography of Charles Darwin, which was found on the TRC database under Book Collection Nonfiction: High School Edition Belanger said that, Although there are many facets to Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection, at its core is the idea that a species ability to evolve is based on its natural selection of traits that enable survival, while traits whichRead MoreWhy Should Students Learn Evolution912 Words   |  4 Pagesthe article â€Å"Why should students learn evolution† by Brian J. Alters and Sandra M. Alters, I learned that evolution not only unifies all the areas of science but also permeates into other disciplines such as philosophy, psychology, literature, and the arts. It has had an extensive and expensive impact on human thought. â€Å"Evolution explains the why of nature and has practical considerations that affects day-to-day life†( Brain J, 36). For example, we need evolution to understand bacterial resistance toRead MoreEssay On Charles Darwin1339 Words   |  6 PagesWestminster Abbey. Prior Theories Erasmus Darwin, grandfather of Charles Darwin, was an English country physician, poet, and amateur scientist. He believed that evolution has occurred in living things, including humans, but he only had rather faint ideas about what might be responsible for this change. He wrote of his ideas about evolution in poems and also suggested that the earth and life on it must have been evolving for millions of ages before the commencement of the history of mankind. TheRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution Essay918 Words   |  4 Pagescontroversy over his theory of evolution natural selection. Darwin’s theory was debated between Thomas Huxley and Samuel Wilberforce at the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1860. Wilberforce was against the idea that all living things descended from a common ancestor. He was highly critical of Darwin’s research, often arguing in his review that many points in Darwin’s theory did not have enough support to be valid. â€Æ' Debate of Darwin 3 The Debate of Darwin: The Position ofRead MoreThe Origin Of Life And Evolution1744 Words   |  7 PagesGallup Institute in 2004 showed that an approximate of 42% of Americans believe that humanity was created by God, 18% believe in an evolution directed by God, and only 26% of them support Darwin’s theory. In Great Britain, a survey performed by BBC to a 2000 people sample found that 52% said to believe in non Darwinian explications for the origin of life and evolution. In a more recent survey done in 34 countries by Science magazine, which included the United States of America, Japan and 32 European

Extinction Of Animal Extinction - 1024 Words

There have been five well known extinctions on this earth. The one most well known is the mass extinction that ended the dinosaurs. Mass extinction is often described as the elimination of a large number of species in a short period of time. Despite what many think, the elimination of species is almost commonplace at this point. The Earth is currently in the middle of a sixth mass extinction, and it’s been caused by the human race. It’s clear that a great extinction is coming from the evidence of the destruction of other species around us. The choices made by the human race have too often negatively affected the surrounding species. Tracy Wilson, the site director for HowStuffWorks.com, in an article for Animal Planet, states that†¦show more content†¦Not to mention â€Å"...both groups emphasized that climate change would play an increasing role in species decline†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Gilman). Climate change is still a controversial topic to some, but many scientists have proven that it’s true. In fact, Neil Degrasse Tyson has given evidence to prove its truth and already informed the world that it’s too late to fix people’s mistakes (Neil). The extinction of species has been caused in certain instances by climate change, which is only getting worse. People have continuously altered the environment to the point of harming other species. The human race’s tendency to destro y an environment greatly impacts the plants and animals residing there. To be more specific, â€Å"Human destruction of animal and plant habitat...appear to be having a major impact on extinction rates† (Wilson). Environmental degradation and habitat destruction are both key players in the extinction of many world species. The impact people have had on the environment is much bigger than most anticipate, as they both destroy and intervene with the environment. One specific way that humans have begun the process of world extinction is through their incessant meddling with the environment. Not only do people destroy the environment with our wreckage and pollution, but the human race has introduced species into other ecosystems, causing massive repercussions. Referred to as invasive species, their introduction into aShow MoreRelatedAnimal Extinction2994 Words   |  12 PagesAnimal Extinction - the greatest threat to mankind In the final stages of dehydration the body shrinks, robbing youth from the young as the skin puckers, eyes recede into orbits, and the tongue swells and cracks. Brain cells shrivel and muscles seize. The kidneys shut down. Blood volume drops, triggering hypovolemic shock, with its attendant respiratory and cardiac failures. These combined assaults disrupt the chemical and electrical pathways of the body until all systems cascade toward death. Read MoreAnimal Extinction Paper1574 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal Extinction Preventing Extinction Not much is thought about extinction in today’s society. One might argue that it is a small problem, and completely irrelevant; but according to statistics of scientific research, extinction is an important issue nationwide. Extinction of a species over time is undisputable, and inevitable; however, the burden of mankind on animals and their environment has caused extinction to increase severelyRead MoreAnimal Endangerment And Extinction Of Habitat925 Words   |  4 PagesI. Animal Endangerment/Extinction II. Abused/Abandoned Animals III. Over Farming/Land Misuse IV. Environmental Pollution V. Deforestation I. Animal Endangerment/Extinction A. Destruction of Habitat B. Pollution C. Hunting and Fishing II. Abused/Abandoned Animals A. Confined, Major Culprit Climate Change B. Huge Amounts of Manure, Pollutes Soil C. Dead Animals, Pollutes the quality of life for individuals who live close. III. Over Farmed/Land Misuse A. Soil Erosion B. Land Degradation CRead MoreGlobal Warming And Animal Extinction3354 Words   |  14 Pages Global warming and animal extinction may be two of the greatest and current environmental issues the world is facing; however, one environmental issue that seems to have been put on the back burner, clean water, is very much connected to the above issues, and is still a monumental concern that must be addressed. We must stop the spread of disease and fatalities due to water pollution! We must pool our resources more effectively to stop the foundations of water pollution! We must more effectivelyRead MoreAnimal Extinction And Its Effects On The Human Race Essay1692 Words   |  7 PagesTehilla Silverberg English College Writing Research Paper Animal Extinction and its Effects on the Human Race Animal extinction is a tremendous problem in our society. Every year, more and more animals are going extinct. If we don’t do something to stop it, we could see a massive animal extinction in our lifetime. Many people believe the extinction is irrelevant to human life. They are wrong. Every species in our universe is part of a web. If one specie on the web goes the whole thing slowly startsRead MoreHabitat Destruction and Extinction of Animals Essay2055 Words   |  9 Pageseach day within the world we live in, an immeasurable amount of animals are becoming extinct or endangered of becoming extinct because of the activities of civilization. Why should we care about habitat destruction and animal extinction? Thomas Jefferson once stated, â€Å"For if one link in nature’s chain might be lost, another might be lost, until the whole of things will vanish by piecemeal† (â€Å"Problem†). Countless number species of animals hunt smaller creatures, for example, frogs eat the mosquitosRead MoreThe Consequences And Extinction Of Animals By Climate Change Essay1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe Consequences and the Extinction of Animals By Climate Change â€Å"The warnings about global warming have been extremely clear for a long time. We are facing a global climate crisis. It is deepening. We are entering a period of consequences† (Al Gore). Global warming is a nationwide problem that is affecting people and the environment by the greenhouse gases. Global warming increases the atmospheric temperature. For instance, the solar radiation is reflected by the Earth’s atmosphere. Earth s surfaceRead MoreZoos Are Saving Endangered Animals From Extinction1332 Words   |  6 Pagesessay) Zoos Are Saving Endangered Animals From Extinction Many thought zoos were just for attraction, but they are meant for more than just that. Several zoos that we go to nowadays with our families are not only there for the sightseeing of the animals, but they are they’re for their safety. Endangered animals are now the priority of practically every zoo in the world. There have already been six species around the world saved from extinction by zoos. One may wonder, what doRead MoreA Brief Note On Animal Extinction And Its Effect On Society Essay1569 Words   |  7 PagesTehilla Silverberg Ethics In Business Research Paper 2   Ã‚  Ã‚   Animal extinction is a tremendous problem in our society. Every year more and more animals are going extinct. If we don’t do something to stop it we could see massive animal extinction is our lifetime. In nearly 100 years from now we could lose about 50% of the world s species. The next generation won t experience the wildlife that is still out there if we don t make a change. Every species in our universe is part of a web. If one specieRead MoreImpact Of Biodiversity On The Extinction Of Plant And Animal Species1570 Words   |  7 PagesReview of Literature Issue: The rapid increase in the extinction rate of plant and animal species has proven to be a massive issue regarding biodiversity loss. Anil Markandya, from the Basque center for Climate Change and author of The Economic Feedbacks of Loss of Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services says, Globally, terrestrial biodiversity is projected to decrease by a further 10% by 2050. As with biodiversity, the planet has also experienced major losses in the services derived from ecosystems

The School to Works Program in America Free Essays

In writing her article â€Å"An Avenue to High Academic Standards,† Lynn Olson confronts the tempestuous side of the education system: a recently added component of the curriculum. Olson claims that this new argument would further enhance the quality and practicality of the educational system. The school to works program was introduced in state and federal law in 1994 but its validity and utility is still being disputed over by various concerned parties. We will write a custom essay sample on The School to Works Program in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Being the senior editor of the national newspaper â€Å"Education Week,† Olson would seem to be well qualified to provide her readers with a persuasive and realistic analysis to an issue that is being widely debated. Olson†s article gives one the impression that this scheme would be a highly beneficial one to our high school students. However, though Olson†s article deals with most of the issues relevant to this scheme, a few areas have not been covered by her. On the whole, it would seem that this scheme should be brought into vogue as soon as possible as suggested by her. Olson has written a very sound article in which she persuades her reader through the means of sound logic well substantiated with real life examples to further strengthen her claims. She makes use of a simple and well-organized diction to enable her wide readership to understand the article. Also Olson†s sources seem to be well founded and used in a logical manner. Olson has written a convincing article because she substantiates her claims with real life examples of different school to work programs. She embarks on this path by giving the examples of a young high school student and that student†s positive and enriching experience with the school to work program. In this particular case, Olson writes that the school to work program helps this rudderless student to find her vocation in life and thus make a valuable contribution to society. She further adds that this student†s experience is not an isolated one and that numerous students have benefited from this program Olson also writes â€Å"Studies suggest that school-to-work programs can help address one of the greatest problems in education: motivation†. However, she writes that this program solves this problem and she substantiates this by giving the example of the 1994 evaluation of Pro-Tech, a Boston school- to work program. In this evaluation it was found that students who participated in these programs decided to take more rigorous math and physics courses than their peers. Thus, she proves that this scheme gives the students a clear indication about the direct link that exists between a good quality education and a good job. Therefore, these examples in her article enable her to provide her readers with a logical and realistic argument that seems to make sense. However, by providing real life examples to prove her point, Olson is justified in writing that the school to work program provides a self-explanatory answer to the question â€Å"Why do I have to learn this? † Olson further strengthens her case by elaborating some valid reasons that make this program a beneficial one to the students. Olson writes that the school-to-work program â€Å"engage students in active, hands-on-learning rather than teaching solely from textbooks†. She states that the primary aim of this program is to inculcate theoretical knowledge with practical knowledge, thus enabling the student to practice the theory learned in school in daily life. However, Olson does admit that there is still a slight confusion on whether this scheme actually encourages students to pursue higher degrees after they have graduated from high school. She counterbalances this by stating that it does help students who intend to go to college on deciding which major they would want to pursue in college. Furthermore, she also writes that these schemes provide students with the added incentive of acquiring extra credit hours. Olson also pads her argument by stating that this program provides society with an educated and skilled workforce urgently required by firms. The argument put forth by Phyllis Schlafly, in her article â€Å"School to Work will train, not Educate†, that these programs are the cause of economic requirements of society and are not due to educational upliftment is oversimplistic and lacks in logical coherency. Schlafly may have some substance in her theme that these programs would â€Å"cause a person or animal to be efficient in the performance of tasks by responding to discipline, instruction and repeated practice†. However, her entire article uses negative emotion to pursuade her readers to follow her line of thinking. Furthermore, her argument that this program will deprive a child of a sound education is countermanded by Olson†s claim that this program will motivate students to get a better education. Also George Willett†s statement in his e-mail message that â€Å"greater learning occurred where the practical was aligned with the academic†. However, one of the legitimate shortcomings of Olson†s article is that it does not provide her readers with all the information relevant to this topic. Her article has used only the positive sources that strengthen her case but overlooks all negative aspects that could have been assessed and resolved by her. Thus, as pointed out by Schlafly, one of the realistic drawbacks of the scheme is that it may be made a compulsory program with the students having no choice in the matter. In that case, the system would lose all the advantages of encouraging students to learn and would just evolve into modern child slavery, where the student may be forced to work whether or not he or she may want to. Also, she has not looked into the fact that the students would not be able choose their own programs. It would be allotted to them based on their grades and other factors by an appointed body called â€Å"The Workforce Development Board†, which is a very disturbing thought, placing the very ideals of a democracy at risk. This is one of the realistic fears put forth in Schlafly†s article. Also, as pointed out by Brian Faranell in his e-mail message that â€Å"asking a freshman in high school to declare his major is way to early†. This too is a legitimate fear that Schlafly has not confronted in her article. Therefore, it is recommended that the school to work program be an optional program wherein the only requirement is motivated students. Thus, no student should be forced to enroll in this program, as this would be counterproductive to the child†s welfare and make the very reason for its creation obsolete. Also, there should be sufficient choice in the different types of school to work programs, so as to enable students to choose among the various programs, so that they might be able to choose something that corresponds to their courses and which will help them in the future. Presently, there are certain countries that have already inculcated this scheme to their education system. Thus, it would be judicious to study their system for a period of time before going head long into one of our own. This would help in looking at all the shortcomings in their system and avoid them in our own. However, we must keep in mind that our basic society and education system may be different and that what works in those countries may not necessarily work in ours. It may also be a good idea to schedule a convention of teachers and professors and other educators to use their ideas. It should be always remembered that they are an integral part of the system, and the government should always take their opinion into account before enacting any bill. Thus, if all these shortfalls are removed the school to work program seems to be a viable addition to our educative system. Olson has covered none of these areas, in her article, which leads one to believe that she may not have researched the topic well enough or else she may not want to provide any negative aspects to her argument. Though her not confronting these issues may show that these are really serious problems that have no real short term solutions. Hence, her argument might have actually been strengthened if she had confronted these areas and tried to provide some sort of solution to them. However, on the whole her article seems to be well written. She has based her ideas on sound logic, which enables her to provide a coherent and well-organized thesis. She has well developed and organized her use of sources and has analyzed them well. Therefore, it would seem that her article would merit a good reception from the public. Therefore, it would seem that Olson succeeds in her purpose of providing a strong argument for the implementation of this program. However, as said earlier it would have been stronger if it had been comprehensive: tackling the harder issues as well. How to cite The School to Works Program in America, Papers

Luke free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Three Dimensions Of Power Essay, Research Paper # 8220 ; Power serves to make power. Powerlessness serves to re-enforce impotence # 8221 ; ( Gaventa,1980:256 ) . Such is the kernel of the on traveling relationship between the Powerful and the Powerless of the Appalachian Valley where acquiescence of the repressed has become non merely common pattern but a manner of life and a agency of endurance. In his fresh Power and Powerlessness, John Gaventa examines the oppressive and despairing state of affairs of the Appalachian coal mineworkers under the bossy power of absentee land-owners, local elites, and corrupt brotherhood leaders. His analyses is based on Lukes 3-dimensional apprehension of power from his book Power: A Extremist View. Gaventa applies the three impressions of power to the political relations of inequalities in the Appalachian Valley and, while showing the insufficiencies of the first or # 8216 ; pluralist # 8217 ; attack and the virtues of the 2nd and peculiarly the 3rd dimensions, asserts that the interrelatedness and reenforcing affect of all three dimensions is necessary for an in deepness apprehension of the # 8220 ; entire impact of power upon the actions [ or inactivities ] and constructs of the powerless # 8221 ; ( Gaventa:256 ) This essay will analyze Luke # 8217 ; s three power dimensions and their pertinence to Gaventa # 8217 ; s history of the unfairnesss found in the vale of the Cumberland Mountains. Reasons for the mountain people # 8217 ; s entry and non- engagement will be recognized and their link with the power relationship established. In this manner, Gaventa # 8217 ; s dissatisfaction with the pluralist attack will be justified and the emphasized ability of the other two dimensions to withhold issues and determine behavior will be verified as chief agents of Power and Powerlessness. The one dimensional position of power is frequently called the # 8216 ; pluralist # 8217 ; attack and emphasizes the exercising of power through determination devising and discernible behavior. Robert Dahl, a major advocate of this position, defines power as happening in a state of affairs where # 8220 ; A has power over B to the extent he can get B to make something that B would non otherwise do # 8221 ; ( Dahl as cited in Lukes, 1974:11 ) . A # 8217 ; s power therefore is defined in footings of B and the extent to which A prevails is determined by its higher ratio of # 8217 ; successes # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; lickings # 8217 ; over B. Discernible behavior so becomes a cardinal factor in the pluralist attack to power. Dahl # 8217 ; s Who Govern # 8217 ; s? expresses the pluralist belief that the political sphere is an unfastened system where everyone may take part and show grudges which in bend lead to determination devising. Those who propose options and novice issues which contribute to the determination devising procedure are showing discernible influence and control over those who failed all together to show any involvement in the political procedure. The Pluralist attack assumes that in an unfastened system, all people, non merely the elite, would take part in determination devising if they felt strongly plenty about an issue and wanted their values to be expressed and represented. Non-participation therefore is thought to show a deficiency of grudges and a consensus with the manner the leaders are already managing the system. Political inactivity is non a job within the unidimensional system, it simply reflects apathy of ordinary citizens with small involvement or cognition for political affairs, and their credence of the bing system which they see as honoring common benefits to society. While political relations is chiefly an elect concern to the pluralist, ordinary people can hold a say if they become organized, and everyone has indirect influence through the right to the franchise in the electoral procedure. Pluralism recognizes a heterogenous society composed of people belonging to assorted groups with differing and viing involvements. Conflict is hence besides recognized as non merely an expected consequence but as a necessary instrument which enables the finding of a governing category in footings of who the victor is. Dahl, ( as cited in Lukes,1974:18 ) provinces: Who prevails in decision-making seems the best manner to find which single and groups have more power in societal life because direct struggle between histrions presents a state of affairs most approximating an experimental trial of their capacities to impact result. Both Lukes and Gaventa put frontward the impression that curtailing your analyses of a power state of affairs to the one dimensional theoretical account can skew your decisions. If you limit yourself to this attack your survey will be impaired by a pluralistic colored position of power. Where the first dimension sees power in its manifest maps of determination devising over cardinal issues raising discernible struggle due to policies raised through political engagement, it ignores the unobservable mechanisms of power that are sometimes merely as or even more of import. Many times power is exercised to forestall an issue from being raised and to deter engagement in the political sphere. Potential issues and grudges are hence non voiced and to presume this means that they do non exist would be an straight-out divergence from fact. By curtailing analyses to what is expressed and to observable behavior and overt struggle merely, you miss any penchant non expressed because of fright of countenances, use, coercion and force. This review of the behaviourial focal point and the acknowledgment of unobservable factors of power is discussed in the planar position of power developed by Bachrach and Baratz by which # 8220 ; power is exercised non merely upon participants within the determination devising procedure but besides towards the exclusion of certain participants and issues wholly # 8221 ; ( Schattsneider, as cited in Lukes,1974:16 ) . This theory proposes that political organisations develop a # 8220 ; mobilisation of prejudice # 8230 ; in favor of the development of certain sorts of struggle and the suppression of others # 8230 ; some issues are organized in piece others are organized out # 8221 ; ( Ibid.,16 ) . The first dimension claims there is an unfastened system and although acknowledging that political resources are non distributed every bit, they are besides non centralized in one groups hands. Everyone has the chance to utilize other resources and be heard. The 2nd attack nevertheless, sees a monopolistic system of inequalities created and maintained by the dominant power. The elite have the agencies and the political resources to forestall political action that would non benefit themselves and to force frontward those that would. The Elite therefore find the docket of both determination devising and non-decision devising and in so making set up their laterality and the subordinance and conformity of those on the underside of the power hierarchy. Although the two dimensional attack to power delves deeper than the foremost into the nature of power and impotence by affecting analyses of possible issues, grudges, nondecision-making and non-participation, Both Saint lukes and Gaventa find that it is on the same degree as the first dimension in that it besides emphasizes discernible struggle merely. Of class it is true that the first does emphasize merely overt while the 2nd emphasiss both overt and/or covert struggle. Nonetheless, an affinity between the two consequences in their belief that where there is struggle, there is an component of power in determination devising and, for the 2nd dimension, in nondecision-making. Barach and Baratz ( as cited in Lukes,1974:19 ) states that if # 8220 ; there is no struggle, overt or covert, the given must be that there is consensus on the prevailing allotment of values, in which instance nondecision-making is impossible. # 8221 ; Here, there is evidently no consideration of latent struggle or attending as to how involvements non consciously articulated may suit into the power relationship. Lukes identifies use and authorization as two signifiers of power which make non needfully affect apparent struggle. Peoples abide by the power of authorization because they either regard or accept its legitimacy. Conformity to the power of use frequently goes unrecognized by the conformer because focal point is placed on irrelevant affairs and the cardinal purpose is downplayed. In neither is at that place discernible ( open or covert ) struggle, but latent struggle occurs because the person may be holding to something contrary to their involvements without even cognizing. The three dimensional position of power so, criticizes the behaviourial focal point of the first two dimensions and adopts the consideration of concealed societal forces and struggle which exercising influence by determining the consciousness of the single or organisation. This position strays from the others in that it focuses non merely on determinations and nondecisions but on other ways to command the political docket which are non made intentionally by the pick of persons or groups. The 3rd mechanism of power seeks to place # 8220 ; the agencies through which power influences, forms or determines constructs of necessities, possibilities, and schemes of challenge in state of affairs of struggle # 8221 ; ( Gaventa,1980:15 ) . In other words, it involves stipulating how A gets B to believe and take to move in a manner that reinforces the prejudice of the system, progressing the cause of A and impairing that of B, normally in the signifier of conformity. Such procedures can take topographic point in a direct and intended manner through media and communicating. # 8216 ; A # 8217 ; takes control of the information channels and # 8216 ; B # 8217 ; is socialized into accepting, believing and even back uping the political impressions instilled by # 8216 ; A # 8217 ; . The defining of single # 8217 ; s constructs can besides take topographic point indirectly or even accidentally through 1s rank in a societal construction. Forms of behavior, norms and recognized criterions apparent in the action and inactivity of the group are automatically adopted. # 8220 ; Social legitimations are developed around the dominant, and instilled as beliefs or functions in the dominated # 8221 ; ( Gaventa,1980:15 ) . Passive credence of state of affairss or fortunes that are in struggle with one # 8217 ; s involvements occur even when the subordinated realise they are being repressed. They submit softly because of fright of countenances but besides because they have gone through a # 8220 ; psychological version to the province of being without power # 8221 ; ( Gaventa:16 ) . They recognize their impotence and see no possibility to change by reversal it and hence submit to their hopeless state of affairs with unenrgetic credence. After continual licking, the constructs of the impotence may be altered as a erudite response. # 8220 ; Over clip, the deliberate backdown by # 8216 ; B # 8217 ; may lead to an unconscious form of backdown, maintained non by fright of power of # 8216 ; A # 8217 ; but by a sense of impotence within # 8216 ; B # 8217 ; , irrespective of # 8216 ; A # 8217 ; s status # 8221 ; ( Gaventa, 1980:16 ) . Although # 8216 ; B # 8217 ; was originally cognizant of their province of subjugation, clip has quelled the initial fright and has desensitized their thrust to stay unconstrained and independent. Without even recognizing, B continues to submit, more as a signifier of wont so as a response to a peculiar state of affairs. As a farther adaptative response # 8220 ; the sense of impotence may besides take to a greater susceptibleness to the internalization of the values, beliefs or regulations of the game of the powerful # 8221 ; ( Gaventa, 1980:17 ) . What may hold one time been strong strong beliefs to a people are consistently lost and the beliefs of the governing category are accepted in silence, non merely because of a sense of impotence but because they have been indoctrinated to excuse whatever the powerful put frontward. Gaventa applies Luke # 8217 ; s three dimensional theory of power to the instance of the Central Appalachian vale in the United States. He argues that the dimension s of power can be used to better understand the form of dormancy that has been happening in this part of incontestable unfairnesss for over a coevals. The pluralist attack is established as inadequate in its effort to construe power relationships entirely and the execution of the other two dimensions is found to be indispensable to explicate the state of affairs in the Appalachian mountains. The History of Central Appalachia has developed much like that of a crude state under the influence of colonisation by a dominant universe power. It is one in which an stray, agricultural society has sparked the involvement of the industrialised universe as holding economic potency, and has accordingly been established as a dependent and push into a rapid series of transmutation to conveying it up to modern criterions. Productivity and economic chases are the rule concern while the people and their civilization are more of a hinderance than a precedence. They are expected to switch right along with the remainder of the alterations. Their traditional manner of life is later threatened, altered, and finally irretrievably lost. By the late 19th century, the economic potency emanating from the huge wealth of natural coal resources of the Appalachian Mountains were good recognized and Middlesborough, a one time quiet rural community, had experienced an economic roar and grown into the industrial excavation Centre labelled the # 8216 ; Magic City of the South # 8217 ; . The full endeavor had been established under the remarkable leading of the American Association Ltd. , of London. Millions of dollars were pumped into the country but because of the ownership monopoly and chiefly foreign investors, the mountain people themselves reaped small or none of the benefits. Their agricultural based pillar was threatened and destroyed as the # 8216 ; Anglo-American endeavor # 8217 ; expropriated estates and estates of mineral-rich land. # 8220 ; The acquisition of land is the first measure in the procedure of economic development and the constitution of power. # 8221 ; ( Gaventa,1980:53 ) . It was besides the first measure in the subordination of the mountain climbers. Losing their land meant a alteration in life style from a mostly independent group of husbandmans to a group of coal mineworkers dependent upon the Company for a wage. Mountaineers were most frequently # 8216 ; voluntarily # 8217 ; bought out. Few instances of existent struggle occurred and the people # 8217 ; s land was taken virtually without challenge or resistance to a new order. Often the land was sold to the Company for a monetary value far below its worth. The built-in value of the mountain climber # 8217 ; s land went unknowing to them while the Association who knew full well of the extremely valued mineral-rich dirt, took advantage of the state of affairs and bought it for really small. If this # 8216 ; acquisition # 8217 ; of land were studied utilizing merely the first dimension of power, the Company would be comparable to A who # 8217 ; s power is defined by its higher ratio of # 8217 ; successes # 8217 ; over B # 8217 ; s # 8216 ; lickings # 8217 ; # 8221 ; . One would acknowledge that the Company demonstrated discernible control and influence over the Appalachian people but would be justified in their actions. The deficiency of challenge on the mountain climber # 8217 ; s ( or B # 8217 ; s ) portion would be seen as an look of consensus to the take-over of their land. Since few grudges were expressed it would be assumed that the issue was non of adequate importance to the people who therefore did non form to set forward any options. The Association had the enterprise to suggest issues and contribute to determination doing while the Middlesborough citizens were apathetic to what was traveling on. The Company # 8217 ; s # 8217 ; successes # 8217 ; in determination devising enhanced their power, legalizing them as more tantrum to regulation. Restricting yourself to this analyses would disregard many factors that led to the dormancy of the mountain people, and would forestall a deeper apprehension of this instance. Using Luke # 8217 ; s 2nd dimension of power, the non- challenge to the land-takeover would non be viewed as apathy on the portion of the ordinary people but as the consequence of unobservable forces and covert struggle working to forestall their look of agnosticism and difference. This would back up the position that within the political organisations of Middlesborough there was a # 8220 ; mobilisation of prejudice # 8221 ; . When distribution of the land was decided by the tribunal, it most frequently went to the highest bidder. The Company held obvious power in its economic advantage go forthing no uncertainty to anyone, including the tribunals, who would win out. By establishing ownership rights on economic capablenesss, challenge on behalf of the mountain climbers was made scarce and considered a ineffectual attempt. In this manner the issue of Company ownership was # 8216 ; organized in # 8217 ; and the people # 8217 ; s land claims were # 8216 ; organized out # 8217 ; . The 2nd dimension hence recognizes elect adjustment happening in a system which pluralists claim to be # 8216 ; unfastened # 8217 ; . It is viewed as a system where inequalities are created and maintained by leting the dominant category to find the decision-making docket, hence set uping the dormancy of the subordinated. The first dimension assumes that deficiency of open struggle means the consensus of the mountain climbers to their land loss, and the 2nd would hold assumed consensus if there were no discernible overt or covert struggle, but still another dimension is indispensable to acquire to the existent root of consensus. The 3rd dimension considers the possibility of latent struggle where the people # 8217 ; s wants and beliefs are unkowingly shaped to set up a consensus to that which is contrary to their involvements, but non recognized as such. The Middlesborough workers developed no consciousness that saw themselves as being exploited. The authorization presented to them by the multi- million dollar endeavor of the American Association Ltd. , of London was accepted as an overpowering but legitimate power construction non to be questioned. In the instance of authorization, # 8220 ; B complies because he recognizes that A # 8217 ; s bid is sensible in footings of his ain values and because it has been arrived at through a legitimate and sensible process # 8221 ; ( Lukes,1974:18 ) . The people complied because the Association was put frontward as an endeavor which valued harmoniousness, as they did, and would counterbalance them financially for the land. Manipulation, nevertheless, was the key in converting the mountain climbers of the Association # 8217 ; s legitimacy. The people were payed far excessively small for what the land was deserving. They were deprived of harvesting future benefits because the Company neglected to inform them of its true value and their purpose to derive 1000000s in net incomes. Alternatively they focused merely on the irrelevant affair of what undistinguished amount of money would fulfill the people into giving up their land which was, at the clip, of no existent evident value. With use, # 8220 ; conformity is forthcoming in the absence of acknowledgment on the complier # 8217 ; s portion either of the beginning or the exact nature of the demand upon him # 8221 ; ( Lukes,1974:18 ) . I extremely doubt that the people would hold so softly handed over their land if they had realised that, at the same clip, they were passing over their traditional manner of life, and in so making, rushing its extinction. How were they to cognize that this was merely the first measure to going dependents of the Company and that to do a life they would be forced to work under the oppressive conditions of a higher power on land that had one time been their ain. After the acquisition of land and the initial economic roar, conditions worsened for the mountain people and a set of stable controls was necessary in order to keep the system the Association had created and in bend, their place of laterality. As Middlesborough developed into a Company Town, the absentee and unitary control exercised by the British proprietors grew to guarantee the dependance of all upon it. They owned non merely most of the land but controlled the town # 8217 ; s cardinal factors of production, necessitating even independent companies to work under their footings. As was mentioned earlier, the people who had one time been independent in gaining a life for themselves were now required to work as mineworkers and laborers under the autarchy of a immense endeavor. Even little enterprisers now found themselves replying to the higher power of the Association. Although the Company had created many occupations for the people, inequalities developed as the absentee proprietors, or upper category, extracted wealth from the part go forthing few of the net incomes to be distributed among the workers themselves. Within the Appalachian country itself there developed a local elite who ranked following in the category hierarchy. # 8220 ; They were the work forces of wealth, and all right backgrounds, and political relations was non new for them # 8221 ; ( Gaventa,1980:59 ) . They were normally those in places of political leading where they could profit the company and advance its best involvements. Next were a category of little enterprisers and professionals who were attracted to the flourishing metropolis by its promising commercial hereafter. The underside of the hierarchy consisted of laborers, mineworkers and other manual labor workers. This category was composed chiefly of those who were originally from the part and had come from a rural background, while the # 8216 ; upper categories # 8217 ; had been derived chiefly of those attracted to the country because of its economic potency. # 8220 ; [ Mobility ] was of a horizontal nature, the coming together in one country of assorted representatives of preexistent strata from other countries # 8221 ; ( Gaventa,1980:57 ) . The workers were hence destined to poverty and inequality, but besides had to digest such things as hapless and even unsafe working conditions with few wellness benefits and small compensation. And one can non bury the ongoing death of their vale as full mountain sides were stripped off and the air and H2O were blackened with 1000000s of bantam coal atoms. Why so, in this province of economic, societal and even environmental corruption did the people non shout out with adequate strength to be heard? While nearby mining communities sing similar conditions responded with activist, corporate organisations, Middlesborough expressed grudges but neer took the signifier of organized action or went every bit far as making a consciousness of the state of affairs. The first, 2nd and 3rd dimensions of power would give different grounds for this in replying how the Association was able to keep the new order they had created and the dormancy of a people amongst their status of poorness and inequality. The pluralist attack would urge utilizing the democratic political procedure of the electoral system in finding the legitimacy of those in power and of their policies and patterns. If the leaders who have been elected by the people and for the people do non voice concerns about the bing system or the desire for alteration, it must be assumed that there were no concerns but alternatively an overall blessing of the position quo. The people of Middlesborough had a pick between local and # 8216 ; Company # 8217 ; campaigners and with few exclusions continued to put their support in the latter. Even within their ain brotherhoods where leading had become progressively dictatorial and Company biased, the workers remained loyal to the bing leaders and opposed the reform motion. By sing merely the face value of vote patterns, one would hold to hold that the Appalachian mineworkers appear to be in conformity with the direction of the bing system and their topographic point within it. The 2nd dimension of power would differ, nevertheless, and would explicate the care of the system and the conformity of the people as a consequence of the Company # 8217 ; s control 347

Freuds Personality Theory Essays (210 words) - Freudian Psychology

Freud's Personality Theory The development of gender roles in deifferent forms of feminsm gives us a revealing overview of Freud's personality theory. It is relatively easy, however, to find oneself torn between openheartedly going along with Freud's view of personality as a dynamic system of psychological energy is a very complex, yet insightful approach to the development of personality. The nature of the id, ego, and superego, and the psychosexual stages that these three structures focus on during a course of one's development, give a plethora of reasons to believe in the existence of a critical period in gender development. Freud's theory suggests that the way in which the id, ego, and superego evolve and the way in which they proliferate in the first six years of a child's life will influence the child's emotional attachment to her/his parent of the same sex and, as consequence, the child's gender identification. It is not Freud's belief about the id, ego, and superego that raises our eyebrow, but rather his rigid sex-based generalization of gender development. However, Freud's generalization seems to underestimate the impact of genetics and broader social cues, and to overestimate children's cognitive capabilities during the maturing stage and the impact of the child-parent relationship on children's gender development.

History Of Computers Essays - Vacuum Tube Computers, Free Essays

History Of Computers Essays - Vacuum Tube Computers, Free Essays History Of Computers The history of the computer began 2000 years ago with the invention of the abacus. Though this invention only allowed for simple arithmetic calculations, it was still very effective. A great many years after this, another calculation device, the first digital calculator, was created by Blaise Pascal in order to help his father who was a tax collector . A bit more than two hundred years after this, Charles Babbage created the first automatic calculator that was powered by steam. This is especially important in the development of the computer because this machine could store data and program the machine with imputs . These were the early days of computers. By the 1890?s computers became used much more frequently and were especially important for the US Census. The population was growing fast and the government needed a better way to keep track of all the people. Herman Hollerith and Jmes Powers created a punch card data storage device that was extremely fast and efficient by the standards of those days. One operator could process up to 8000 punch cards per day . The first fully automatic machine was created in the 1930?s by IBM (International Business Machines). It accepted input from punch cards and was able to perform calculations with no human assistance because it was electric. This invention lead to the development of the first high- speed computer called ENIAC. This could perform three hundred multiplication calculations per second and sparked mathematician John von Neumann to study the computer and figure out how to best organize computers for the future. This man is responsible for the idea of RAM (Random Access Memory), an amazing breakthrough in science. From this point computers progressed on and on. Processors were created that continued to speed things up and computers got smaller and smaller. What people can do toady on a simple hand held PDA, they couldn?t have even dreamed of in the 1950?s.

Rene Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rene Descartes - Essay Example "I think, hence I am, [this is] so certain and of such evidence that no ground of doubt, however extravagant, could be alleged by the skeptics capable of shaking it, [therefore] I concluded that I might, without scruple, accept it as the first principle of the philosophy of which I was in search." (Descartes, 1989, p30) This is fair enough from a depth psychological perspective. Although psychic energy (particularly archetypal energy) is more usually regarded as Jungian Depth Psychology's starting point due to psychic energy being primordial and universal. It is the view of Jungians that it took millenia's of human psychological evolution to produce humans like Descartes who are capable of such great attentitive, focused, reflective thought. Nevertheless, for Descartes, he was primarily focused on this own individual self, and for that reason his starting point is accepted here. "Thus what I thought I had seen with my eyes, I actually grasped solely with the faculty of judgment, which is in my mind." (Descartes) We can be certain of psychic reality. We can be largely certain of much physical reality but what Descartes is saying here, is that outer objects may not be seen as they really are. We have no way of knowing. We cannot get beyond human limitations. Where Jungian Depth Psychology parts from Descartes is in limiting his thinking to one type directed consciousness thinking. But before coming to that we can briefly state what is positive in this Cartesian method. It has already been noted that it took millenia's of evolution to reach the stage where one could reflect, think, be attentive and focused in the way that Descartes was. Because for Descartes, the true way of living was to 'think'. A thinking thing must think in order to be healthy. For... Rene Descartes was a major philosopher of the seventeenth century, belonging to the school of continental rationalism. Descartes sets out in his Discourse on Method to doubt all that could be doubted, albeit not to end up believing in nothing, but rather so that he would believe in only that which really was true. We can be certain of psychic reality. We can be largely certain of much physical reality but what Descartes is saying here, is that outer objects may not be seen as they really are. We have no way of knowing. We cannot get beyond human limitations. Where Jungian Depth Psychology parts from Descartes is in limiting his thinking to one type†¦ directed consciousness thinking. But before coming to that we can briefly state what is positive in this Cartesian method. It has already been noted that it took millennia's of evolution to reach the stage where one could reflect, think, be attentive and focused in the way that Descartes was. Because for Descartes, the true way of l iving was to ‘think’. A thinking thing must think in order to be healthy. For Descartes, this thinking must be free from passion and prejudice if it is to be healthy†¦ and if it is to â€Å"operate with perfect rational clarity and thereby attain certain knowledge†. Descartes (as good as) perfects ‘directed thinking’ appropriate to his ‘pre-Freud’ and ‘pre Jung’ time and place.

Youth and gambling problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Youth and gambling problem - Essay Example The third group involves individuals with some kind of neurological or Neuro-chemical dysfunction. This group is highly vulnerable to problem gambling due to impulsivity and attention deficits (Blaszczynski 2000). Such importance and high emphasize on problem gambling lead to the discussion of impacts that these gambling patterns have on the youth which is the major part of our society and upcoming future. The gambling behaviors in youngsters are closely related to their exposure to gambling in their childhood. They start gambling as an adoption of behaviors they experienced in childhood and if they win in the start their greed to win more empowers them to continue gambling. In the losing phase, they are more likely to win back what they had lost earlier. This urge and empowerment leads to desperation and motivation to bring more money with legal or illegal activities and stay in the game. Such desperation mostly resulted in illegal activities like cheating, stealing, robbing, nonpay ment of debts and so on (Hales 2006, pp. 305-307; National Research Council (US) 1999, pp. 169-171). Effects of Problem Gambling on Youth: Health effects: The younger generation is often exposed to other dangers when they involve in gambling within casinos, gaming zones and other areas covered by private owners. The addiction of gambling alone brings psychological disorders, attention deficits, depression, violent behaviors and aggression. In addition to these threats to psychological and physical well being of younger generation, alcohol, cocaine, heroin, tobacco and other addictives available in the play premises also affect their habits and behaviors towards the addictive things.... The increasingly easier opportunities for gaming and wagering available to clubs, hotels, casinos, gaming zones and increased games of chance like X-Lotto, scratch-tickets, sports betting, internet gambling, Bingo etc. in such places exposes gambling to the younger generation more prominently than ever. Advancements in technology resulted in some easier modes of accessibility to gambling. Internet and mobiles are the best sources of easily available components to youth for card games gambling, betting and so on. The increasing use of electronic gaming machines (EGM) in such places help the owners to attract more youngsters and involve them in gambling easily. The impacts of gaming and wagering due to the high exposure of electronic gambling to the youth has been a point of debate among the researchers in legislative, social, economic and cultural fields. Sports bars and ‘events based wagering’ are two important areas of discussion for their impacts on the youth as these are specifically aimed to target younger population. We can say that problem gambling cannot be described simply as a social behavior as generic, neurological, psychological and biological effects are also involved in describing the problem gambling behaviors. The negative impacts discussed are important to be addressed and restricted. Problem gambling may influence a child’s social, personal, economic, financial and educational life negatively. Hence, awareness and restrictions on gambling for children and younger population is necessary. The role of parents, elder siblings and teachers cannot be ignored in this regard as youngsters tend to adopt behaviors which they observe in their loved ones.

Spirituality in Health Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Spirituality in Health Care - Essay Example As a means of understanding this to a more effective degree, the following analysis will discuss the role that spirituality plays in helping to address this primary task. As such, for purposes of this analysis, the author will focus specifically upon the realm of the way in which spirituality can play a role in attending to the needs of the patient, the way in which a clear delineation between a given set of beliefs and/or proselytize nation must be separated from spirituality, and the innate importance of being continually cognizant and aware/appreciative of different beliefs and the different multicultural approaches to spirituality that the patients might have. Only thorough exemplification and examination of these topics will give more effective understanding of how spirituality can be engaged within the realm of healthcare provision. The following analysis will provide a brief introduction into the topic as well as discussing the way in which three separate faiths integrate with a comparative approach to healthcare. As such, the three faiths which will be referenced are as follows: Buddhist, Shinto, and Baha’i. ... nderstood that spirituality is still a very delicate topic due to the fact that it does not exist, nor is represented, categorically among each and every patient that seeks a level of treatment (Reimer-Kirkham et al. 203). Instead, spirituality is a highly personal component of an individual’s worldview. As such, it is the ultimate role of the healthcare provider to be cognizant of this and not to seek to foster any particular type of approach to spirituality. Instead, merely listening and being aware of any needs/beliefs that the patient might represent to the healthcare provider is a preliminary and essential task. In this way, the first faith to be discussed, Buddhism, it must be understood that the Buddhist approach to healthcare provision is ultimately quite depressing with regards to the way in which care and treatment can be provided. From the Buddhist interpretation, even the highest form of care can only be viewed from the standpoint that death can merely be delayed a nd suffering itself should not necessarily be sought to be averted in and of itself due to the fact that it has an innate potential for purification and the ability to allow the individual to come to a greater appreciation for life and an escalation towards the state of nirvana. All of this of course springs from the understanding that Buddhism holds as a tacit truth that suffering is a part of life and as such should be accepted without actively seeking to diminish it. With that being said, it is of vital importance that healthcare provider is not a means anyway, or at any time, to seek to promote a particular worldview or proselytize their own belief system to the patient. This is of course due to the fact that this represents a clear breach of professionalism and an overstepping of the

Exploring teenage pregnancy in the uk

Exploring teenage pregnancy in the uk Sexual Health is a fundamental constituent of health. Teenage pregnancy is an aspect of sexual health which has been of great public health and social importance due to the implications it poses. According to UNICEF (2001), UK has the highest teenage pregnancy rate in Western Europe. This essay will critically analyse the factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy in the UK, that is, socio-economic , education- related factors and as well as risky behaviours. To get a better understating of this topic, effects of teenage pregnancy as well as current strategies, interventions and recommendations for improved care in tackling teenage pregnancy will be discussed. The essay will be concluded with a summary of the literature. Teenage pregnancy can be defined as a term employed to refer to giving birth of young women under 20 which result in live births or abortions ( Ewles 2005). The scale of problem is appalling. Approximately 91,200 conceptions in teenagers take place per year, 7700 among girls under 16 years of age and 2200 among 14 year olds or younger (Chambers et al 2001). Moreover, 46% constitutes to those who have legal abortion and 56% of those aged under 16 years who partake in an abortion. According to Ewles ( 2005), UK teenage pregnancy rates are much higher compared to other European countries, in that, they are five times as high as compared to those in Netherlands, three times as high as compared to France and two times higher in Germany. Teenage pregnancy poses a great public health threat due to the causal link associated with health inequalities. The high rates of abortion and sexually transmitted disease elucidates that young people are not having protected sex and this is supported by the appalling STI rates which are highest in 16-19 year old women ( Baker et al 2007). Furthermore, Elwes ( 2005) states that one in ten sexually active teenagers is infected with a sexually transmitted disease ,illustrating lack of public awareness about sex education, contraception and condom use. In order to tackle teenage pregnancy, it is important to understand the factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy. Research evidence has identified the key risk factors which are acknowledged to be associated with teenage pregnancy. Ewles (2005) states that low expectations is a major factor, where we see there is a significant association between young people from lower-social economic classes and high rates of teenage pregnancy and birth. Lack of employment and disengagement from education or training can potentially give rise to feelings of inadequacy and hoplessness thus goals and aspirations seem unattainable affecting the outlook of ones future. Moreover, according to the survey conducted by the Department for education and skills (2006), low education attainment and leaving school at 16 with no qualifications are evidently independent risk factors of teenage pregnancy. Consequently, parenthood can be perceived as an appropriate approval to gain adulthood status with no employment or educational attainment to show for it. However, the SEU (1999) did not find evidence to support these findings. Ignorance about sex and relationships has been identified as another risk factor. Notwithstanding being surrounded by sexual images and messages from an early age and despite being sexually active, research demonstrates that there is poor knowledge on consensual and safe sexual relationships, contraception and STIs among young people (Ewles 2005). A study conducted by the Health Education Authority (1999) reported that 25% of teenagers aged 14-15 years perceived that the contraceptive pill protected them from acquiring a sexually transmitted diseases which can be exacerbated by myths, such as first sexual experience will not end up in pregnancy, that are apparent in the society. In a nutshell, young people have impractical perceptions on pregnancy and parenthood (SEU 1999). Mixed messages have been associated with teenage pregnancy, given that, children and teenagers in the UK are bombarded by sexual images and messages which can potentially lead one to believing and accepting sex as the norm in the society even at a young age (Ewles 2005). It is argued that in the UK, sex appears to be the custom and relatively necessary, whereas contraception and sexual health awareness is inadequate thus elucidating young people cannot make informed decisions (NHS 2004). Simultaneously, there may be insufficient communication between parents or teachers and young people on sex and contraception thus leaving young people uninformed. Poverty is another factor, where the risk of becoming a teenage mother is approximately 10 times more in girls and women from social class V( unskilled and manual) as compared to women in social class 1 (professional) ( DOH 1999) . Additionally, research evidence illustrates young women who have experienced care or foster and homelessness are at risk as well (Chambers et al 2001). A study reported women in this category are two times at risk of becoming teenage mothers compared to those raised by birth parents (Baker 2007). A complimentary study also found out that approximately 50% of girls leaving care become mothers within 18months to two years ( DOH 1999). A British cohort study conducted in 1970 reported that one of the strongest predictors of teenage pregnancy is being a daughter of a teenage mother because they are 1.5 times at risk as compared to children born of older women (Baker 2007). According to DOH (1999), having a history sexual abuse is identified as a risk factor where we see young people may be reluctant to abstain from sexual pressure subsequent to abuse that ensued. Numerous studies have elucidated the association between mental health disorders and teenage pregnancy, in addition, Maskeys study conducted in 1991 illustrated that a third of young women with conduct disorders become pregnant before the age of 17 ( Baker 2007). Crime is also a factor especially with teenagers who get involved in unlawful activities causing police intervention because they are twice likely to become teenage parents. (Chambers et al 2001). Tyrer et al conducted in a study in 2005 and reported that 39% of young female offenders are teenage mothers even as approximates propose that more than 25% of young male offenders are teenage fathers or fathers-to-be ( Zaplin 2006). Risky behaviours for example early onset of sexual activity and poor contraceptive use are factors associated with teenage pregnancy. The average age of first sexual intercourse has fallen from to 16 ( House Of Commons 2002-3) and girls having sex under 16 are three times more likely to become pregnant that those who have sex over 16 years ( SEU 1999). Approximately 60% of boys and 47 % of girls dropping out of school at 16 with no qualifications engaged in sex compared to 20% for both males ( Baker 2007). Ethnicity has a fundamental link with teenage pregnancy. Consistent with the 2001 census, data on mothers under 19years demonstrated that teenage pregnancy rates are considerably higher among mothers of mixed and black Caribbean, other black and black Caribbean ethnicity (Baker 2007). Early onset of sexual activity is linked to ethnic groups where a survey conducted in East London (Viner and Roberts 2004, ) illustrated that first sexual encounter under 16 was higher among Caribbean men (56%) compared with 30% for black African and 27% for white men and 11% for Indian and Pakistani men. As for women, 30% for both white, black Caribbean, 12% for black African and 3% for Indian and Pakistani women. In addition, poor contraceptive use among specific ethnic groups has been associated with teenage pregnancy (Baker 2007). Having acknowledged the factors and effects associated with high rates of teenage pregnancy, Tony Blair commissioned the Social Exclusion Unit (SEU 1999) to develop a teenage pregnancy strategy, known as the National Teenage Pregnancy Strategy in 1999 ( Ewles 2005). Its main aims were to halve the number of teenage conceptions by 2010 and establish a consistent decline in trend in the under -16 teenage pregnancy rate ( SEU 1999). According to ( Chambers et al 2001 ) , a total of 150 teenage pregnancy co-ordinators were appointed in each local authority area in England, in 2000, who lead the force to execute the Social Exclusion Unit report. Each local area has employed a 10-year strategy, with local under -18 pregnancy rate reduction targets of between 40% and 60%, which strengthens the national reduction target of 50% ( Ewles 2005). As recommended by the SEU(1999) , the main preventative interventions in tackling teenage pregnancy are effective school-based sex and relationships education ( SRE) that are established with the help of local authority, particularly when correlated with contraception use and services. HDA (2004) reported that SRE programmes was highly rated by young people who received it and were positively impacted by the knowledge and decreased the level of report over first sexual intercourse .However, from the UK- based systematic evaluation of SRE programme they found out that the multi-faceted approach had no effect on contraception use and sexual behaviours ( NICE 2004). (DFES) stated that effective education programmes should be focused on mitigating behaviours that cause teenage pregnancy and are based on theory and highlight background information on sexual matters Moreover clear information on use of contraception is necessary and young people should be informed about the risk factors, h ow they can avoid sex as well protection against pregnancy and STIs. Activities that help deal with peer and social pressure are fundamental and how to acquire communication, negotiation and refusal skills by employing participatory teaching methods ( HDA 2004). Ewles ( 2005) argues that abstinence education as recommended by the strategy has proved to be ineffective The strategy stated the need to involve and provide information on prevention to teenagers parents which is fundamental. SEU (1999) recommended that youth Services should involve programmes that integrate a long term, multi-dimensional approach that is a combination of self-esteem building, voluntary work, and educational support (Ewles 2005) and have a clear focus on addressing issues that affect young people for example, sexual health and substance abuse. HDA (2004) states that, the adoption of development programmes has proved to be successful in America and has been elucidated as a competent approach to teenage prevention. Chambers et al (2003) argues that provision of effective sexual health services has been identified as a factor for reducing teenage pregnancy. The DFES (2006) recommended the availability and accessibility of well-publicised contraceptive and sexual health advice services targeted for young people, with a an established responsibility that commits to health promotion work and delivery of reactive service. In addition, engaged and coordinated action among all key mainstream delivery partners who are responsible for reducing teenage pregnancy health , Education, Social services and youth support services as well as the voluntary sector is vital ( Ewles 2005). Moreover, HDA (2004) recommended that practicing confidentiality and having long term provision of services has proved effective in teenage prevention. Another key recommendation is the need for a keen focus on tailored interventions that target young people who are susceptible to teenage pregnancy especially with Looked After Children, that is, those in care and foster ( Acheson 2001 ). The strategy advocated for professionals in partner organisations for example, Connexions, working with the most vulnerable young people need consistent Sexual and Relationship Education training that are readily available ( HDA 2004). Moreover, the national teenage strategy introduced the national media campaign aimed at mitigating myths and provides young with clear and accurate information to make it possible for young people to make informed choices thus reducing teenage pregnancy rates ( Ewles 2005). It recommended that effective information should be clear and unambiguous ( HDA 2004) . The current focus on awareness and education is supported by the two national media campaigns which are ; R U thinking is addressed to young teenagers encouraging them to delay onset of sexual activity and shun peer pressure; Want Respect? Use a condom is targeted at young people who are sexually active by promoting condom use by relating condom use with ones conduct and behaviour that will earn respect from their peer ( DFES 2006). The Teenage Pregnancy Strategys main priority is to reduce under 18 pregnancies by providing young people with ways and incentives to defer parenthood until they able to cope with the challenges that come with it. Nevertheless, the strategy is dedicated to support and reducing the risk of poor outcomes for teenage parents and their children, with a target to increase the participation in education, training or employment of teenage mothers aged 16-19 by 2010 ( DFES 2006). According to the Acheson Report ( 2001) the inequalities faced by teenagers who go on to be mother as compared to older mothers are perturbing because there is an increased likelihood they have mental health problems, especially, post-natal depression; are 50% likely to breast feed as well as have a higher occurrence of smoking during pregnancy and experience relationship breakdown . In addition, when they become older, say in their thirties, it is evident that they are more likely experience poverty, be subjected to unemployment, lack qualifications and live on benefits which makes them susceptible to get trapped in the poverty cycle which can potentially lead to a poor adult life.( Ewles 2005). Children born of teenage parents are 60% more at risk of infant mortality and can possibly die in their first year, 25 more at risk be conceived with a low birth weight, are particularly at much higher risk of growing up experiencing poverty, poor housing and nutrition for a long haul and are at a greater risk of becoming teenage parents themselves ( Ewles 2005). To prevent poor out comes for teenage parents and their children, the strategy recommends and provides support and interventions that include antenatal and postnatal support where they are provided with impartial information on alternative of parenthood, abortion and adoption and pregnancy testing services as well ( Ewles 2005). They are advised and get help with psychosocial issues for example, anxiety that they may face during and after their pregnancy with the help of youth-friendly maternity services characterised by tailored models of care ( Chambers et al 2005). Together with providing young parents with development skills in parenthood, the strategy recommends and is committed to provide services that will support them to stay or resume to education, training or employment ( Ewles 2005). This is includes finding preferred courses, getting help with childcare so that young parents can continue with education or work as well as providing them with necessary help for them to remain in school or get alternative methods to continue with education ( DFES 2006). The strategy introduced the Sure Start Plus programme to provide every child with the best start in life by providing education, childcare, health and family support ( National Audit Office). It recommends and recognizes the crucial benefits of a committed personal advisor for teenage parents, who tailors ongoing support packages to meet various individual needs for example housing and financial needs (Ewles 2005). In consistent with the priorities of the strategy in terms of better support, it acknowledges that high quality support to all teenage parents living without family or parents is needed ( DFES 2006). Furthermore, some young mother under 18 can be susceptible to social exclusion when they live without any support, leading to isolation especially when disintegrated from their social support networks, that is, family. The strategy aims to tackle this by providing supported housing to all under 18 lone parents who cannot live at home or with their partner and are provided with suitable needs ( Ewles 2005). This reduces the detrimental effects of poor housing on health. In conclusion, this essay has discussed the factors that contribute to teenage pregnancy and its impact on public health. Moreover, the implications of teenage pregnancy have been highlighted. The government, through the Social Exclusion unit and the establishment of the National Teenage Pregnancy Strategy , has been involved in tackling teenage pregnancy through joined up action, national media campaign , better support for teenage parents and better prevention as discussed. According to Naidoo and Wills , education and persuasion through mass media campaign may be an effective strategy in tackling teenage pregnancy because these techniques are geared to change peoples behaviours and lifestyles willingly as a result of information, support and advice.. HDA (2004) states that young people should be provided with sufficient education and clear information about all facts of sex and relationships and its implications coupled with confidential and accessible sources of contraceptive ser vices in tackling teenage pregnancy.

Just Another Day at the Office :: English Literature Essays

Just Another Day at the Office Personal computer (pc) repair technicians and doctors have a lot in common. Patients arrive at the doctor’s door bearing all manner of complaints or problems. I am sure doctors have seen and heard about every type of ignorant stunt a person can think of or do. My name is Skeeter Jones, and I have been a pc repair technician for approximately fifteen years. Like a doctor, I thought I had seen and heard of every crazy stunt imaginable until I received a call from Headaches, Incorporated about a computer crash. When I arrived at the job site, Lola and Chase, the office and terminal managers, greeted me. â€Å"Boy! Are we ever glad to see you,† they both cried in unison, â€Å"We have completely screwed up the computer.† â€Å"Well, show me the computer that is down while you tell me what happened,† I replied. â€Å"Linda, Lola’s co-worker, told us upgrading our computer system from Windows 95 to 98 would be easy for us to do ourselves. All we had to do was purchase the Windows 98 upgrade compact disc (CD),† Chase said. â€Å"Except, we could not find the CD.† Lola chimed in, â€Å"We picked out this CD instead. The salesman at Office Depot said, ’It would work just as well to upgrade our system.’† I looked down at the box she was holding in her hands. The words â€Å"Windows 2000 Upgrade† stared back at me in big, white letters. I just stood there for a minute shaking my head, and I silently groaned to myself. â€Å"Oh God! How could anybody be that stupid,† I thought. With an audible sigh, I said aloud, â€Å"Let me run a few diagnostic tests. I will be able to tell you how much damage has occurred in a couple of minutes.† I started with the basic stuff like making sure the computer would boot up. Then, I progressed layer by layer to the heart of the system. The tests took me nearly three hours to complete. As I dug deeper and deeper into the computer, I was utterly amazed at how much damage they had wreaked in such a short amount of time and with only an upgrade software kit. â€Å"Well guys, it looks as if you have managed to confuse the hell out of this computer,† I told them, â€Å"You have two different types of file systems on it now.

Beauty and Stylish

The making of their agreement began with oral statement from Stylish who had demands regarding the new house, to provide curtains, blinds, and window coverings. Beauty explained to Stylish that all window coverings were provided in the contract like what Stylish wanted. Several weeks later, Stylish had agreed, and then leads to written contract signing. This is when the issue arose. Somehow Stylish signed the contract which content is contrary to what he originally demanded, different from their pre-contractual statement. That the contract price of the house excludes all window coverings, and is the responsibility of the purchaser.Stylish was upset when he realized that blinds, curtains and other window coverings were not provided. They had a valid contract within their case, and the terms of contract are certainly not breached. Although somehow there is a misrepresentation in term of Stylish’ demand and the content of the contract. The question is whether the Stylish can get his contractual rights in relation to the window coverings. A contract can be defined as an agreement enforceable in law. This suggests that there are some agreements that are not enforceable in law.Whether or not a contract is enforceable in law firstly depends on whether or not the following four statements are satisfied : there must be an offer, acceptance of that offer, consideration or document under seal or deed, and intention to create legal relations. If one of the mentioned elements is missing, there will not be a valid contract. Offer is an expression made by one party as an â€Å"offeror† and the person who accepts the offer as â€Å"offeree†. In another words, offer is willingness by an offeror to enter into a legally binding contract with offeree.In this case, Beauty is an offeror who offered the contract, and Stylish is an offeree whom the offer is made for. Once the offer has been set, then the next step is whether the contract would be accepted or not, which is accepted by Stylish, by signing the written contract. By signing the contract, it is presumed that the parties, Beauty and Stylish intended the document to be bound with sufficient consideration and thus creating legal relations. With the four elements, this contract is valid, recognized, and enforceable by law. In another words, Stylish can invoke assistance of the court. All contracts contain terms.Various statements whether oral or written, may be made in the course of negotiation. This is known as pre-contractual statements. But not all statements end up having the same legal effects. First, the statement made may be in a form of â€Å"puff†. Such puffs cannot be taken seriously. They are advertisement or promotional statement which is not intended to be binding. Next, statements can be a †representation†. It may not be terms of contract, but could just be a statement that would be more than just sales talk. Although representation may be in writing, it is not as a whole part of the contract.Finally, statements made could be term. Terms are statements that form a contract. Somehow terms and representations are so much alike. The difference between a representation and a term depends on the intention of the parties and the actual facts of the case. If the intention of the parties is clear, then the statements they make can be considered to be a term of the contract. Otherwise it is just a representation. In Ecay v Godfrey (1947), the seller sold the boat to the buyer at 750 pounds. However, the seller expressly gave the buyer the opportunity to survey the boat.It was held that the suggestion by the buyer that the seller independently survey the boat to be a representation. In this case, although both Stylish and Beauty had a clear intention of how the new house should be done, but the problem is that when the contract was done, that the intention was somehow not fulfilled. The contract states that the price of the house excludes window coverings, and is responsibility of the purchaser. This statement is a representation because the statement was made orally but was not written in contract. So far the essential elements of a contract and types of terms in a contract have been considered.However, even if a contract has all the essential elements and terms, it may be still declared as unenforceable if the vitiating factor is present. Vitiating factors are number of causes which may prevent a contract from being enforceable in law. The agreement may be vitiated to a void contract or voidable contract by causes of: mistake, misrepresentation, duress, undue influence, illegality. Void contract is treated as if there was no contract at all between the parties. Any belongings received from the agreement must be returned, any items that have been resold to another party, may be returned as well.And any contract that violates public policy is considered as void. Voidable contract A â€Å"voidable† contract, on the other hand, is a valid contract and can be enforced. Usually only one party is bound to the contract terms in a voidable contract. The unbound party is allowed to cancel the contract, which makes the contract void. The main difference between the two is that a void contract cannot be performed under the law, while a voidable contract can still be performed, although the unbound party to the contract can choose to void it before the other party performs.

The Estates General and The French Revolution

The Estates General and The French Revolution In late 1788, Jacques Necker announced that the meeting of the Estates General would be brought forward to January 1, 1789 (in reality, it didnt meet until May 5th of that year). However, this edict neither defined the form the Estates General would take nor set out how it would be chosen. Afraid that the crown would take advantage of this to fix the Estates General and transform it into a servile body, the Parlement of Paris, in approving the edict, explicitly stated that the Estates General should take its form from the last time it was called: 1614. This meant the estates would meet in equal numbers, but separate chambers. Voting would be done separately, with each having a third of the vote. Bizarrely, no one who had called for the Estates General over the past years appears to have previously realized what soon became obvious: the 95% of the nation who comprised the third estate could be easily outvoted by a combination of the clergy and nobles, or 5% of the population. Recent events had set a very different voting precedent, as a provincial assembly which had been called in 1778 and 1787 had doubled the numbers of the third estate and another called in Dauphin had not only doubled the third estate but allowed for voting by head (one vote per member, not estate). However, the problem was now understood, and a clamor soon arose demanding the doubling of third estate numbers and voting by head, and the crown received over eight hundred different petitions, mainly from the bourgeois who had woken up to their potentially vital role in future government. Necker responded by recalling the Assembly of Notables to advise himself and the king on the various problems. It sat from November 6th until December 17th and protected the nobles interests by voting against doubling the third estate or voting by head. This was followed by the Estates General being postponed by a few months. The uproar only grew. On December 27th, in a document entitled Result of the Kings Council of State- the result of discussion between Necker and the king and contrary to the advice of the nobles- the crown announced that the third estate was indeed to be doubled. However, there was no decision on voting practices, which was left to the Estates General itself to decide. This was only ever going to cause a huge problem, and the result changed the course of Europe in a way the crown really, really wished they had been able to foresee and prevent. The fact that the crown allowed such a situation to arise is one of the reasons why they have been accused of being in a malaise as the world turned around them. The Third Estate Politicizes The debate over the size and voting rights of the third estate brought the Estates General to the forefront of conversation and thought, with writers and thinkers publishing a wide range of views. The most famous was Sieyà ¨s What is the Third Estate, which argued that there shouldn’t be any privileged groups in society and that the third estate should set themselves up as a national assembly immediately after meeting, with no input from the other estates. It was hugely influential, and in many ways set the agenda in a manner the crown did not. Terms like national and patriotism began to be used ever more frequently and became associated with the third estate. More importantly, this outburst of political thought caused a group of leaders to emerge from the third estate, organizing meetings, writing pamphlets, and generally politicizing the third estate across the nation. Chief among these were the bourgeois lawyers, educated men with an interest in the many laws involved. They realized, almost en masse, that they could start to reshape France if they took their chance, and they were determined to do so. Choosing the Estates To choose the estates, France was divided up into 234 constituencies. Each had an electoral assembly for the nobles and clergy while the third estate was voted on by every male taxpayer over twenty-five years of age. Each sent two delegates for the first and second estates and four for the third. In addition, every estate in every constituency was required to draw up a list of grievances, the cahiers de doleances. Every level of French society was thus involved in voting and vocalizing their many grievances against the state, drawing in people across the nation. Expectations were high. The election results provided the elites of France with many surprises. Over three-quarters of the first estate (the clergy) were parish priests rather than the previously dominant orders like bishops, less than half of which made it. Their cahiers called for higher stipends and access to the highest positions in the church. The second estate was no different, and the many courtiers and high-ranking nobles, who assumed they’d be automatically returned, lost out to lower level, much poorer men. Their cahiers reflected a very divided group, with only 40% calling for voting by order and some even calling for voting by head. The third estate, in contrast, proved to be a relatively united group, two-thirds of which were bourgeois lawyers. Estates General   The Estates General opened on May 5th. There was no guidance from the king or Necker on the key question of how the Estates General would vote; solving this was supposed to be the first decision they took. However, that had to wait until the very first task was finished: each estate had to verify the electoral returns of their respective order. The nobles did this immediately, but the third estate refused, believing that separate verification would inevitably lead to separate voting. The lawyers and their fellows were going to put their case forward from the very start. The clergy passed a vote which would have allowed them to verify but they delayed to seek a compromise with the third estate. Discussions between all three took place over the following weeks, but time passed and patience began to run out. People in the third estate began to talk about declaring themselves a national assembly and taking the law into their own hands. Critically for the history of the revolution, and while the first and second estates met behind closed doors, the third estate meeting had always been open to the public. The third estate deputies thus knew they could count on tremendous public support for the idea of acting unilaterally, as even those who didnt attend the meetings could read all about what happened in the many journals which rep orted it. On June 10th, with patience running out, Sieyà ¨s proposed that a final appeal should be sent to the nobles and clergy asking for a common verification. If there wasn’t one, then the third estate, now increasingly calling itself the Commons, would carry on without them. The motion passed, the other orders remained silent, and the third estate resolved to carry on regardless. The revolution had begun. National Assembly On June 13th, three parish priests from the first estate joined the third, and sixteen more followed in the next few days, the first breakdown between the old divisions. On June 17th, Sieyà ¨s proposed and had passed a motion for the third estate to now call itself a National Assembly. In the heat of the moment, another motion was proposed and passed, declaring all taxes illegal, but allowing them to continue until a new system was invented to replace them. In one quick motion, the National Assembly had gone from simply challenging the first and second estates to challenging the king and his sovereignty by making themselves responsible for the laws on tax. Having been sidelined with grief over the death of his son, the king now began to stir and the regions around Paris were reinforced with troops. On June 19th, six days after the first defections, the entire first estate voted to join the National Assembly. June 20th brought another milestone, as the National Assembly arrived to find the doors of their meeting place locked and soldiers guarding it, with notes of a Royal Session to occur on the 22nd. This action even outraged opponents of the National Assembly, members of which feared their dissolution was imminent. In the face of this, the National Assembly moved to a nearby tennis court where, surrounded by crowds, they took the famous Tennis Court Oath, swearing not to disperse until their business was done. On the 22nd, the Royal Session was delayed, but three noblemen joined the clergy in abandoning their own estate. The Royal Session, when it was held, wasnt the blatant attempt to crush the National Assembly which many had feared but instead saw the king present an imaginative series of reforms which would have been considered far-reaching a month before. However, the king still used veiled threats and referred to the three different estates, stressing they should obey him. The members of the National Assembly refused to leave the session hall unless it was at bayonet point and proceeded to retake the oath. In this decisive moment, a battle of wills between king and assembly, Louis XVI meekly agreed they could stay in the room. He broke first. In addition, Necker resigned. He was persuaded to resume his position shortly afterward, but the news spread and pandemonium broke out. More nobles left their estate and joined the assembly. With the first and second estates now clearly wavering and the support of the army in doubt, the king ordered the first and second estates to join the National Assembly. This triggered public displays of joy and the members of the National Assembly now felt they could settle down and write a new constitution for the nation; more had already happened than many dared to imagine. It was already a sweeping change, but the crown and public opinion would soon change these expectations beyond all imagining. The Storming of the Bastille and the End of Royal Power The excited crowds, fueled by weeks of debate and angered by rapidly rising grain prices did more than just celebrate: on June 30th, a mob of 4000 people rescued mutinous soldiers from their prison. Similar displays of popular opinion were matched by the crown bringing ever more troops into the area. National Assembly appeals to stop reinforcing were refused. Indeed, on July 11th, Necker was sacked and more martial men brought in to run the government. A public uproar followed. On the streets of Paris, there was a sense that another battle of wills between the crown and people had begun, and that it might turn into a physical conflict. When a crowd demonstrating in the Tuileries gardens was attacked by cavalry ordered to clear the area, the longstanding predictions of military action seemed to be coming true. The population of Paris began to arm itself in response and retaliated by attacking toll gates. The next morning, the crowds went after arms but found stacks of stored grain too; looting began in earnest. On July 14th, they attacked the military hospital of the Invalides and found ​cannon. This ever-growing success led the crowd to the Bastille, the great-prison fortress and dominant symbol of the old regime, in search of the gunpowder stored there. At first, the Bastille refused to surrender and people were killed in the fighting, but rebel soldiers arrived with the cannon from the Invalides and forced the Bastille to submit. The great fortress was stormed and looted, the man in charge lynched.​ The storming of the Bastille demonstrated to the king that he couldn’t rely on his soldiers, some of whom had already defected. He had no way of enforcing royal power and conceded, ordering the units around Paris to withdraw rather than try and start a fight. Royal power was at an end and sovereignty had passed to the National Assembly. Crucially for the future of the Revolution, the people of Paris now saw themselves as the saviors and defenders of the National Assembly. They were the guardians of the revolution.